06 Ventilation
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Fibrosis
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deposition of fibrous tissues in lungs, destroys alveoli
barrier created by fibrous tissue
Shunt
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V/Q < 1
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so extreme V/Q = 0
shunting as if blood bypassed lung

anatomic: large congenital defect (VSD)

normal

left alveoli with V/Q of 0
result hypoxemia when blood mixed
hyperventilation cannot increase PaO2: blood only goes through healthy alveoli, still mixing at end. Only way to resolve is to resolve shunting (take out mucous plug)
no hypercapnea: more CO2 is pulled with hyperventilation

V/Q > 1
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PE clotting blood
O2 in arterial will be normal, no hypoxemia if pure dead space
No blood to left, more blood to right: reduced V/Q, less than 99% O2 sat coming out (V/Q mistmach)
CO2 up: ventilation wasted because CO2 not exchanged

V/Q Mismatch
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water resulting in less ventilation V/Q < 1
distinct from shunt/dead space

Diagnosis
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100% O2
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O2 only goes to right side
nothing changes on left side, even if give 100% O2
hypoxemia persists


all blood pushed to right side, Q very high
hypoxemia if on room air, 21%

can fix hypoxemia if changed to 100% O2


Hypercapnia
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increased dead space causes hypercapnia



when patient ventilates, none of the ventilation wasted on left side

less ventilation to left side

Lung Zones
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apex least blood flow: blood has to push up against gravity


Tb has affinity for highly oxygenated part of body, upper lobe
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more hydrostatic pressure at bottom

bottom blood vessels fully extended; blood flow normally
top: alveolar pressure higher, compress vessels, no blood flow
middle: compress veins, pulsatile flow when RV contract to push blood through but no flow in veins in diastole
in real life, most lungs are all zone 3
in pathologic state: more lungs in Zone 1, especially ventilator (pressure in alveoli very high )
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